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Knowledgeable Swift | Kodeco


This e book is for intermediate Swift builders who already know the fundamentals of Swift and need to deepen their data and understanding of the language.

  • Protocols & Generics
  • Numerics & Ranges
  • Sequences & Collections
  • Unsafe
  • Useful Reactive Programming
  • Goal-C Interoperability
  • Library & API Design

Grasp the Swift language with the Knowledgeable Swift e book!

Swift is a wealthy language with a plethora of options to supply. Studying the official documentation or entry-level books is necessary, nevertheless it’s not sufficient to understand the true energy of the language.

Knowledgeable Swift is right here to assist, by exhibiting…


extra

This part tells you a number of issues it’s essential know earlier than you get began, resembling what you’ll want for {hardware} and software program, the place to seek out the mission recordsdata for this e book, and extra.

The primary part of this e book covers the essential constructing blocks of the Swift language: The sort system (enums, structs and courses), Protocols and Generics. We’ll begin with a short refresher of every subject after which soar proper into the behind-the-scenes implementations.

The content material of this part will expose the interior workings of the sort system, in addition to get you intimately accustomed to protocols and generics.

Welcome to Knowledgeable Swift. On this chapter, you’ll study a few of the motivations behind creating the Swift language, take a brief however deep dive into the Swift toolchain movement and have a look at Swift. You’ll develop a easy language characteristic, ifelse, to discover a few of the services Swift presents for creating highly effective, expressive abstractions.

Varieties are important to constructing Swift applications. The Swift compiler kind checks your code to confirm correctness, guarantee security and allow larger optimization. You’ll achieve expertise concerning the completely different nominal varieties and mutation with a number of small examples. You’ll additionally implement mutable worth semantics for a QuadTree kind utilizing copy-on-write dynamic storage.

On this chapter you may undergo a short refresher on the fundamentals of protocols in addition to a few of their extra hardly ever used options.
You’ll additionally study widespread patterns that use protocols in addition to some helpful gotchas and edge circumstances to remember.

On this chapter, you may get intimately accustomed to generics by persevering with to work on the networking library you began within the earlier chapter. You may discover ways to write generic capabilities, courses and structs; the right way to use protocols with related varieties; what kind erasure is and the right way to put all that collectively to make a coherent API.

This sections covers the bottom layer of writing Swift applications: Numerics, Ranges, Strings, Sequences, Collections, Codable and the much less apparent, however crucial subject – Unsafe.

As you’d count on from a complicated e book, we don’t solely clarify these subjects, but in addition examine how they’re constructed, how they’re represented, and the right way to use them successfully.

Swift is a platform-agnostic, general-purpose programming language that helps varied numeric varieties with differing house, vary, accuracy and efficiency traits. Constructing two apps (BitViewer and Mandlebrot), you’ll see how Swift simplifies programming with protocols and generics. You’ll additionally have a look at vary varieties and the way operators and generics as soon as once more come to the rescue in implementing these language options.

Sequence, Assortment and associated protocols type the spine of the usual library for varieties like Array, Dictionary and Set. You’ll see how these protocols let you write generic algorithms that function throughout households of collections. The usual library presents some ways to shortly construct customized sequences and collections. You’ll use these to construct a number of examples together with a customized mutable assortment to implement Conway’s Sport of Life. You’ll additionally create a chunking algorithm that can be utilized with any assortment kind.

The right implementation of a string kind in Swift has been a controversial subject for fairly a while. The design is a fragile stability between Unicode correctness, encoding agnosticism, ease-of-use and high-performance. Nearly each main launch of Swift has refined the String kind to the superior design we have now in the present day. You’ll study how one can most successfully use strings, what they are surely, how they work and the way they’re represented.

When creating your app, you’ll typically cope with a myriad of information fashions and varied exterior items of information that you simply’ll wish to characterize as knowledge fashions in your app.
On this chapter, you’ll shortly flick through the fundamentals of Codable, after which give attention to the superior supplies down the darkish corners of codable varieties.

Swift is a memory-safe and type-safe language. In some circumstances, you would possibly want your code to be extraordinarily optimized, by which case the tiny overhead added by the protection checks from Swift is likely to be too costly. You is likely to be coping with an enormous stream of real-time knowledge, manipulating giant recordsdata or different giant operations that cope with giant knowledge.
On this chapter you may discover ways to use unsafe Swift to immediately entry reminiscence by means of a wide range of pointer varieties and the right way to work together with the reminiscence system immediately.

The ultimate part of this e book covers superior methods to super-charge your Swift powers, and use all of what Swift has to supply.

We’ll cowl subjects like Increased order capabilities, Useful reactive programming, Goal-C interoperability, utilizing Instrumentation, and API design.

Increased-order capabilities can simplify your code considerably by making it extra readable, lots shorter and simpler to reuse. You may study what are increased order capabilities, what’s currying and look at examples of how they’re utilized in the usual library.

On this chapter you may study an important and refined ideas of useful reactive programming and how one can apply these ideas to your apps.

Prefer it or not, Goal-C continues to be a closely used language in legacy codebases and apps which were in manufacturing for a few years. In your individual apps, you’ll typically have a large Goal-C codebase that simply doesn’t really feel at house inside your Swift code or wish to use a few of your shiny new Swift code in your Goal-C code.
On this chapter, you may discover ways to create a healthful expertise for shoppers of each the Goal-C and Swift parts of your codebase in a method that feels as if it have been designed for both.

Being an ideal iOS software program engineer is not solely about being a grandmaster of the Swift language. It is also about understanding which instruments the platform places at your disposal, the right way to use them to sharpen your abilities and the right way to establish areas of enchancment in your code.
On this chapter you may study superior options of the Devices app, and the right way to use it to enhance your code.

Discover a number of subjects to reinforce your skillset and instinct for designing nice APIs.
Subjects like Documentation, Encapsulation, versioning, and a number of other highly effective language options.

Is ChatGPT Secure? An Evaluation of the AI’s Android App


Good AI, damaged defenses?

AI-powered apps are revolutionizing how we search, be taught, and talk, however the fast tempo of innovation has come at a price: safety is commonly an afterthought.

As a part of our AI App Safety Evaluation Collection, we’ve been scrutinizing a few of the hottest AI instruments on Android for hidden vulnerabilities that would put hundreds of thousands of customers in danger.

Making Agentic AI Work within the Actual World


Two years in the past, ChatGPT couldn’t even let you know what day it was. These early fashions had been frozen at their coaching cutoff—sensible conversationalists who may focus on Shakespeare however not yesterday’s information.

Then got here internet search. Language fashions may immediately fact-check themselves and pull present info. However they remained observers, not individuals. They might let you know in regards to the world however couldn’t contact it.

Right now’s agentic AI represents a elementary shift: we’ve given these techniques instruments. Take this situation: you’re planning a household trip to Tokyo. A contemporary AI agent doesn’t simply recommend an itinerary. It watches journey vlogs, cross-references museum hours together with your children’ nap schedules, books that hidden ramen store, coordinates calendars, and handles deposits. It’s not simply considering. It’s doing.

For enterprise organizations, the stakes multiply exponentially. Past private knowledge, we’re speaking about mental property, buyer info, and firm status. Once you deploy an agent to barter vendor contracts, it shouldn’t have entry to your M&A plans. When it’s analyzing competitor pricing, it shouldn’t be capable to share your inside roadmap. When processing worker advantages, it should shield well being info. When analyzing buyer conduct, it should safeguard personally identifiable info from being uncovered in summaries or stories.

The problem compounds with emergent behaviors—AI brokers discovering artistic methods to finish duties that we by no means anticipated. An agent instructed to “scale back buyer assist prices” may begin auto-rejecting legitimate claims. One tasked with “enhancing assembly effectivity” may start declining vital stakeholder invitations.

So how will we leverage the unparalleled potential of Agentic AI, safely? This calls for a brand new safety paradigm. Authentication turns into: “Is that this AI actually performing on my behalf?” Authorization turns into: “What ought to my AI be allowed to do?” The precept of least privilege turns into important when the actor is an AI working at machine pace with its personal problem-solving creativity. The stakes have essentially modified. The largest hurdle to adoption shall be how brokers are given secure and safe entry to enterprise assets.

Enterprise adoption of AI brokers requires fixing a important new problem: easy methods to grant brokers entry to company assets like Google Workspace or Slack APIs with out over-privileging them past their supposed scope. Conventional OAuth implementations present solely coarse-grained permissions—sometimes learn or read-write entry on the utility degree—creating an all-or-nothing safety mannequin that doesn’t align with agent-specific use instances.

We’re constructing the power for an enterprise to implement dynamic, context-aware permission administration that evaluates agent requests towards each express coverage guidelines and semantic evaluation of the agent’s acknowledged goal. The system permits workers to delegate granular permissions—say permitting an agent to learn emails for summarization whereas stopping it from deleting emails—by way of a consent-driven workflow that tracks and manages slim permission lifecycles. By combining OAuth 2.1 compliance with semantic inspection, we are able to detect and block prohibited actions routinely, thereby conserving the person expertise fluent. Important actions would require a person’s express authorization to keep away from mishaps.

We’re doing this by extending the identical rules of zero belief to Agentic AI. Whether or not brokers are constructed in-house or outsourced, working on laptops, within the cloud, or in your individual knowledge facilities, and whether or not they want entry to SaaS, cloud, or on-prem purposes, Cisco’s Common Zero Belief Community (UZTNA) structure provides you the instruments you could undertake Agentic AI in your group.

On the coronary heart of our UZTNA is one easy fact: we should take an identity-first strategy to safety. Id transcends conventional know-how boundaries, supplying you with the power to determine insurance policies at a person degree for people, machines, companies—and now, Agentic AI. With this basis, the system can constantly monitor behaviors to differentiate ‘regular’ from ‘irregular’ in close to actual time, updating insurance policies accordingly.

Placing our UZTNA structure in motion, this implies Duo Id & Entry Administration (IAM) offers the authorization, Safe Entry does semantic inspection in order that the tip person doesn’t need to be prompted repeatedly for entry permission, AI Protection is invoked to guage that agent actions align with its goal, and Cisco Id Intelligence screens the actions and offers visibility. Collectively, they supply highly effective safety with out compromising Agentic AI adoption or expertise.

Increasingly, we’re going to see Agentic AI develop into an on a regular basis actuality—built-in into workstreams with the identical autonomy as a human however with the pace and scale of a machine. Whereas it represents boundless alternatives, the authorization and entry challenges need to be solved. With Cisco’s UZTNA structure, irrespective of who builds these brokers, the place they run, or what they should get the job completed, we are able to guarantee enterprise organizations have visibility and management throughout identification, authentication, authorization, entry, and analytics.

The way forward for AI is agentic—and with the proper safeguards in place, it will also be safe.


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The New Household of Cisco Sensible Switches: Constructed to Energy What’s Subsequent


Introducing Cisco Sensible Switches for the AI-powered enterprise

This week at Cisco Dwell San Diego, we launched a serious leap ahead in enterprise networking: The brand new household of Cisco C9000 Sensible Switches, purpose-built for the AI-ready campus. These switches ship blazing efficiency, quantum-secure networking, and radically simplified operations—supporting our new realities as AI transforms the way in which we work, collaborate, and function.

From retail environments to manufacturing unit flooring and from working rooms to international campuses, AI is pushing legacy networks past their limits. The rise of high-resolution video, augmented actuality/digital actuality (AR/VR) collaboration, and IoT gadgets intensifies the strain, driving demand for greater bandwidth, lower-latency site visitors, and machine-speed safety. Complexity—all the time a problem—has turn into a legal responsibility, and but the networks underpinning these shifts have been constructed for one more time.

That’s why Cisco constructed one thing fully new—an infrastructure basis engineered for the AI period.

Constructed to help AI use circumstances within the enterprise

Cisco Sensible Switches are the primary switching household engineered particularly for AI-era campus environments. They’re constructed to help AI workloads reminiscent of AR/VR, laptop imaginative and prescient, industrial automation, and a spread of generative AI (GenAI) and agentic use circumstances—whereas guaranteeing the community core scales to fulfill the info gravity of AI site visitors.

The primary two fashions—Cisco C9350 Mounted Entry Sensible Switches and Cisco C9610 Modular Core Sensible Switches—function key new improvements.

  • Programmable for scalability: Cisco Sensible Switches are constructed on a programmable structure leveraging Cisco SiliconOne application-specific built-in circuits (ASICs), supporting run to completion throughout remoted utility slices. Because of this the ASIC can run parallel operations in devoted “slices” with out interruption by different duties. This function helps dealing with a bigger quantity of functions, together with extra advanced ones.
  • Blazing efficiency: These new gadgets have a 10x efficiency enchancment over our industry-leading portfolio of switches. Help for multi-gig and 100G uplinks ensures excessive bandwidth, so AI-heavy workloads don’t create bottlenecks.
  • Quantum-ready: Shield in the present day’s knowledge from tomorrow’s threats with built-in cryptographic agility with help for post-quantum algorithms.
  • AI-native telemetry and assurance: Actual-time analytics constructed instantly into the swap material assist IT detect anomalies, optimize site visitors, and proactively troubleshoot with out the necessity for further sensors.
  • Unified administration: Switches are managed by way of one dashboard, enabling end-to-end visibility, zero-touch provisioning, and clever automation.
  • Vitality effectivity: Options reminiscent of Sensible Energy and hibernation mode assist allow extra sustainable operations, with 30-40% potential power financial savings.

These aren’t simply function enhancements—they signify a rethinking of what entry and aggregation layers should turn into within the AI period.

Operational intelligence for the AI period

With the rise in customers, gadgets, applied sciences, cyber adversaries, stakeholders, and expectations, working networks of any measurement could be advanced. When you’ve gotten 1000’s of gadgets to handle throughout a worldwide infrastructure, scaling securely is almost unimaginable. Nobody can afford downtime or a pricey mistake. Cisco Sensible Switches provide help to overcome these challenges so you may onboard simply, outline insurance policies, improve with minimal disruption, and achieve complete insights throughout each owned and unowned infrastructure—all from a single dashboard.

Managing your community is now simpler than ever. Directors can configure and handle switching, wi-fi, routing, and SD-WAN all from a single dashboard. Quick, frictionless, out-of-the-box provisioning, clever port profiling, and automatic onboarding of Wi-Fi 7 entry factors and multi-gig purchasers remove hours of guide effort and cut back the potential for error.

This simplicity is made attainable by way of intelligence embedded into the swap, enabling it to dynamically detect linked machine sorts and apply context-aware configurations by way of built-in AI logic. We’ve additionally simplified massive, advanced deployments with the design of a microservices-based structure, elastic scaling, and high-availability designs. Monitoring power efficiency metrics has by no means been simpler with power insights built-in into the dashboard. Granular, device-level energy analytics, scheduled energy insurance policies, and user-level carbon footprint insights help each IT operations and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) targets.

Scale extra simply with fewer assets

Cisco Sensible Switches unlock new ranges of operational agility with wealthy AI and innate intelligence telemetry. This intelligence allows the telemetry system to not solely accumulate and report knowledge but in addition to research, interpret, and act on that knowledge in actual time with out requiring exterior techniques to course of it. This supplies alerts and remediation knowledge earlier than customers are impacted. Integrations with ThousandEyes and Splunk present end-to-end visibility from entry layer to SaaS functions. No extra surprises or lifeless ends when points happen outdoors of your community. Now you may simply pinpoint the difficulty and treatment it in your phrases, whether or not within the owned or unowned infrastructure.

Troubleshooting has by no means been simpler with all-new capabilities within the Cisco AI Assistant. The conversational, pure language interface makes it straightforward for groups to get a view of your community’s total situation. If a difficulty is going on, Cisco AI Assistant can shortly determine root causes, recommend treatments, and at your request, implement the motion of your alternative—all with full audit monitoring and role-based entry controls.

We’re taking this simplicity even additional with Cisco AI Canvas, a GenAI workspace inside the dashboard that helps NetOps, SecOps, and DevOps groups resolve advanced incidents sooner and extra collaboratively. AI Canvas serves as your individual dynamic command heart to handle your community’s particular wants. You’ll be able to automate duties of your selecting and actively collaborate to speed up the decision of points once they occur. AI Canvas places every thing out of your community in a single place, supplies easy visualizations for advanced points, and amplifies your crew’s productiveness tenfold.

Cisco isn’t just serving to simplify operations—we’re reengineering them for a future the place networks assume, adapt, and reply alongside AI workloads. The outcome: sooner troubleshooting, greater uptime, decrease operational price, and a community that evolves as quick as your enterprise.

Safe by design for an unpredictable future

AI is rising because the preeminent software for streamlining enterprise operations. It’s additionally redefining the risk panorama. From AI-generated phishing schemes to adversarial malware and deepfakes, threats have gotten sooner, extra focused, and more and more automated. The brand new Cisco Sensible Switches are designed not simply to maintain up, however to remain forward.

On the core of this new safety paradigm is the mixing of quantum-resistant applied sciences. Our switches have lengthy featured safe boot and hardened Linux to stop tampering and set up of unauthorized software program. However with quantum computing on the horizon, conventional encryption strategies like RSA, ECC, and Diffie-Hellman have gotten weak. Cisco Sensible Switches embrace quantum safety, future-proofing your community in opposition to present and future threats.

These switches don’t cease at device-level safety. They lengthen quantum-resilient encryption into the info airplane itself. By incorporating post-quantum cryptography (PQC) into present requirements like MACsecIPsec, and WAN MACsec, we guarantee campus-wide knowledge confidentiality—whilst encrypted knowledge traverses more and more advanced, AI-driven topologies. This method interception by rogue gadgets or malicious edge endpoints.

Our switches are additionally the first line of enforcement within the Cisco Common Zero-Belief Community Entry (UZTNA) framework. They dynamically block unauthorized endpoints and lateral motion inside the swap itself, imposing granular safety and entry insurance policies utilizing real-time endpoint context. This removes the necessity to reroute site visitors to distant firewalls for primary entry management—liberating bandwidth and decreasing latency. However when superior inspection is required, our new Safety Service Insertion functionality intelligently steers site visitors to designated firewalls, guaranteeing optimum use of community and safety assets. And with Dwell Shield coming quickly, newly found threats could be mitigated in near-real time—with out requiring picture upgrades or machine reboots.

In brief, Cisco Sensible Switches are safe by design—from the silicon to the cloud. Constructed for an unpredictable future, they provide safety that adapts as quick as threats evolve.

The trail forward

AI is probably the most transformative pressure in enterprise expertise for the reason that cloud, nevertheless it’s solely as efficient because the infrastructure supporting it. With the brand new Cisco Sensible Switches, we’re giving enterprises the instruments to harness the ability of AI—safely, effectively, and at scale.

The way forward for the enterprise campus is AI-powered, and now, it’s prepared.

A number of the merchandise and options talked about are nonetheless in improvement and will probably be made out there as they’re finalized, topic to ongoing evolution in improvement and innovation. The timeline for his or her launch is topic to alter.

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Android Builders Weblog: Android 16 is right here



Android Builders Weblog: Android 16 is right here

Posted by Matthew McCullough – VP of Product Administration, Android Developer

At the moment, Android is launching just a few updates throughout the platform! This contains the beginning of Android 16’s rollout with particulars for each builders and customers, a Developer Preview for enhanced Android desktop experiences with linked shows, updates for Android customers throughout Google apps and extra, plus the June Pixel Drop. We’re additionally recapping all of the Google I/O updates for Android builders targeted on constructing glorious, adaptive Android apps.

At the moment we’re releasing Android 16 and making it out there on most supported Pixel gadgets. Search for new gadgets operating Android 16 within the coming months.

This additionally marks the supply of the supply code on the Android Open Supply Undertaking (AOSP). You may look at the supply code for a deeper understanding of how Android works, and our deal with compatibility means you can leverage your app improvement expertise in Android Studio with Jetpack Compose to create functions that thrive throughout the whole ecosystem.

Main and minor SDK releases

With Android 16, we have added the idea of a minor SDK launch to permit us to iterate our APIs extra rapidly, reflecting the speedy tempo of the innovation Android is bringing to apps and gadgets.

Android 16 2025 SDK release timeline

We plan to have one other launch in This fall of 2025 which additionally will embody new developer APIs. At the moment’s main launch would be the solely launch in 2025 to incorporate deliberate app-impacting conduct adjustments.
Along with new developer APIs, the This fall minor launch will choose up characteristic updates, optimizations, and bug fixes.

We’ll proceed to have quarterly Android releases. The Q3 replace in-between the API releases is offering a lot of the brand new visible polish related to Materials Expressive, and you may get the Q3 beta right this moment in your supported Pixel system.

Digicam and media APIs to empower creators

Android 16 enhances help for skilled digital camera customers, permitting for night time mode scene detection, hybrid auto publicity, and exact shade temperature changes. It is simpler than ever to seize movement images with new Intent actions, and we’re persevering with to enhance UltraHDR pictures, with help for HEIC encoding and new parameters from the ISO 21496-1 draft customary. Assist for the Superior Skilled Video (APV) codec improves Android’s place in skilled recording and post-production workflows, with perceptually lossless video high quality that survives a number of decodings/re-encodings with out extreme visible high quality degradation.

Additionally, Android’s picture picker can now be embedded in your view hierarchy, and customers will recognize the flexibility to look cloud media.

Extra constant, lovely apps

Android 16 introduces adjustments to enhance the consistency and visible look of apps, laying the inspiration for the upcoming Materials 3 Expressive adjustments. Apps concentrating on Android 16 can not opt-out of going edge-to-edge, and ignores the elegantTextHeight attribute to make sure correct spacing in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

Adaptive Android apps

With Android apps now operating on quite a lot of gadgets and extra windowing modes on massive screens, builders ought to construct Android apps that adapt to any display screen and window dimension, no matter system orientation. For apps concentrating on Android 16 (API degree 36), Android 16 contains adjustments to how the system manages orientation, resizability, and facet ratio restrictions. On shows with smallest width >= 600dp, the restrictions not apply and apps will fill the whole show window. You need to verify your apps to make sure your present UIs scale seamlessly, working effectively throughout portrait and panorama facet ratios. We’re offering frameworks, instruments, and libraries to assist.

Side by side displays of non-adaptive app UI with on the left with text reading Goodbye 'mobile-only' apps and adaptive app UI on the right with text reads Hello adaptive apps

You may take a look at these overrides with out concentrating on utilizing the app compatibility framework by enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT flag. Learn extra about adjustments to orientation and resizability APIs in Android 16.

Predictive again by default and extra

Apps concentrating on Android 16 could have system animations for back-to-home, cross-task, and cross-activity by default. As well as, Android 16 extends predictive again navigation to three-button navigation, which means that customers long-pressing the again button will see a glimpse of the earlier display screen earlier than navigating again.

To make it simpler to get the back-to-home animation, Android 16 provides help for the onBackInvokedCallback with the brand new PRIORITY_SYSTEM_NAVIGATION_OBSERVER. Android 16 moreover provides the finishAndRemoveTaskCallback and moveTaskToBackCallback for customized again stack conduct with predictive again.

Constant progress notifications

Android 16 introduces Notification.ProgressStyle, which helps you to create progress-centric notifications that may denote states and milestones in a person journey utilizing factors and segments. Key use instances embody rideshare, supply, and navigation. It is the premise for Dwell Updates, which can be absolutely realized in an upcoming Android 16 replace.

side-by-side screenshots of a Pixel device showing progress notifications on the homescreen on the left and the updated progress notification in the notification menu on the right

Customized AGSL graphical results

Android 16 provides RuntimeColorFilter and RuntimeXfermode, permitting you to creator advanced results like Threshold, Sepia, and Hue Saturation in AGSL and apply them to attract calls.

Assist to create higher performing, extra environment friendly apps and video games

From APIs that will help you perceive app efficiency, to platform adjustments designed to extend effectivity, Android 16 is concentrated on ensuring your apps carry out effectively. Android 16 introduces system-triggered profiling to ProfilingManager, ensures at most one missed execution of scheduleAtFixedRate is instantly executed when the app returns to a sound lifecycle for higher effectivity, introduces hasArrSupport and getSuggestedFrameRate(int) to make it simpler in your apps to reap the benefits of adaptive show refresh charges, and introduces the getCpuHeadroom and getGpuHeadroom APIs together with CpuHeadroomParams and GpuHeadroomParams in SystemHealthManager to offer video games and resource-intensive apps estimates of accessible GPU and CPU sources on supported gadgets.

JobScheduler updates

JobScheduler.getPendingJobReasons in Android 16 returns a number of the reason why a job is pending, on account of each specific constraints you set and implicit constraints set by the system. The brand new JobScheduler.getPendingJobReasonsHistory returns the record of the newest pending job purpose adjustments, permitting you to higher tune the way in which your app works within the background.

Android 16 is making changes for normal and expedited job runtime quota primarily based on which apps standby bucket the app is in, whether or not the job begins execution whereas the app is in a prime state, and whether or not the job is executing whereas the app is operating a Foreground Service.

To detect (after which scale back) deserted jobs, apps ought to use the brand new STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED job cease purpose that the system assigns for deserted jobs, as an alternative of STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT.

16KB web page sizes

Android 15 launched help for 16KB web page sizes to enhance the efficiency of app launches, system boot-ups, and digital camera begins, whereas lowering battery utilization. Android 16 provides a 16 KB web page dimension compatibility mode, which, mixed with new Google Play technical necessities, brings Android nearer to having gadgets transport with this necessary change. You may validate in case your app wants updating utilizing the 16KB web page dimension checks & APK Analyzer within the newest model of Android Studio.

ART inner adjustments

Android 16 contains the most recent updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that enhance the Android Runtime’s (ART’s) efficiency and supply help for added language options. These enhancements are additionally out there to over a billion gadgets operating Android 12 (API degree 31) and better by Google Play System updates. Apps and libraries that depend on inner non-SDK ART constructions could not proceed to work appropriately with these adjustments.

Privateness and safety

Android 16 continues our mission to enhance safety and guarantee person privateness. It contains Improved safety in opposition to Intent redirection assaults, makes MediaStore.getVersion distinctive to every app, provides an API that enables apps to share Android Keystore keys, incorporates the most recent model of the Privateness Sandbox on Android, introduces a brand new conduct throughout the companion system pairing movement to guard the person’s location privateness, and permits a person to simply choose from and restrict entry to app-owned shared media within the picture picker.

Native community permission testing

Android 16 permits your app to check the upcoming native community permission characteristic, which would require your app to be granted NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES permission. This variation can be enforced in a future Android main launch.

An Android constructed for everybody

Android 16 provides options corresponding to Auracast broadcast audio with suitable LE Audio listening to aids, Accessibility adjustments corresponding to extending TtsSpan with TYPE_DURATION, a brand new list-based API inside AccessibilityNodeInfo, improved help for expandable parts utilizing setExpandedState, RANGE_TYPE_INDETERMINATE for indeterminate ProgressBar widgets, AccessibilityNodeInfo getChecked and setChecked(int) strategies that help a “partially checked” state, setSupplementalDescription so you’ll be able to present textual content for a ViewGroup with out overriding info from its kids, and setFieldRequired so apps can inform an accessibility service that enter to a kind subject is required.

Define textual content for max textual content distinction

Android 16 introduces define textual content, changing excessive distinction textual content, which attracts a bigger contrasting space round textual content to significantly enhance legibility, together with new AccessibilityManager APIs to permit your apps to verify or register a listener to see if this mode is enabled.

side-by-side screenshots of a Pixel device showing text with enhanced contrast before and after Android 16's new outline text accessbility feature

Textual content with enhanced distinction earlier than and after Android 16’s new define textual content accessibility characteristic

Get your apps, libraries, instruments, and sport engines prepared!

In the event you develop an SDK, library, instrument, or sport engine, it is much more necessary to organize any mandatory updates now to stop your downstream app and sport builders from being blocked by compatibility points and permit them to focus on the most recent SDK options. Please let your builders know if updates to your SDK are wanted to totally help Android 16.

Testing includes putting in your manufacturing app or a take a look at app making use of your library or engine utilizing Google Play or different means onto a tool or emulator operating Android 16. Work by all of your app’s flows and search for useful or UI points. Evaluate the conduct adjustments to focus your testing. Every launch of Android comprises platform adjustments that enhance privateness, safety, and total person expertise, and these adjustments can have an effect on your apps. Listed here are a number of adjustments to deal with that apply, even when you aren’t but concentrating on Android 16:

    • Broadcasts: Ordered broadcasts utilizing priorities solely work inside the similar course of. Use one other IPC when you want cross-process ordering.
    • ART: In the event you use reflection, JNI, or another means to entry Android internals, your app would possibly break. That is by no means a greatest observe. Take a look at totally.
    • 16KB Web page Measurement: In case your app is not 16KB-page-size prepared, you need to use the brand new compatibility mode flag, however we suggest migrating to 16KB for greatest efficiency.

Different adjustments that can be impactful as soon as your app targets Android 16:

Get your app prepared for the longer term:

    • Native community safety: Think about testing your app with the upcoming Native Community Safety characteristic. It should give customers extra management over which apps can entry gadgets on their native community in a future Android main launch.

Keep in mind to totally train libraries and SDKs that your app is utilizing throughout your compatibility testing. Chances are you’ll must replace to present SDK variations or attain out to the developer for assist when you encounter any points.

When you’ve printed the Android 16-compatible model of your app, you can begin the method to replace your app’s targetSdkVersion. Evaluate the conduct adjustments that apply when your app targets Android 16 and use the compatibility framework to assist rapidly detect points.

Get began with Android 16

Your Pixel system ought to get Android 16 shortly if you have not already been on the Android Beta. In the event you don’t have a Pixel system, you’ll be able to use the 64-bit system pictures with the Android Emulator in Android Studio. In case you are at present on Android 16 Beta 4.1 and haven’t but taken an Android 16 QPR1 beta, you’ll be able to decide out of this system and you’ll then be supplied the discharge model of Android 16 over the air.

For the very best improvement expertise with Android 16, we suggest that you just use the most recent Canary construct of Android Studio Narwhal. When you’re arrange, listed here are a number of the issues you must do:

Thanks once more to everybody who participated in our Android developer preview and beta program. We’re trying ahead to seeing how your apps reap the benefits of the updates in Android 16, and have plans to carry you updates in a fast-paced launch cadence going ahead.

For full info on Android 16 please go to the Android 16 developer website.