SwiftUI’s .job modifier inherits its actor context from the encircling operate. Should you name .job inside a view’s physique property, the async operation will run on the principle actor as a result of View.physique is (semi-secretly) annotated with @MainActor. Nonetheless, in the event you name .job from a helper property or operate that isn’t @MainActor-annotated, the async operation will run within the cooperative thread pool.

Right here’s an instance. Discover the 2 .job modifiers in physique and helperView. The code is an identical in each, but solely one in every of them compiles — in helperView, the decision to a main-actor-isolated operate fails as a result of we’re not on the principle actor in that context:

import SwiftUI

@MainActor func onMainActor() {
  print("on MainActor")
}

struct ContentView: View {
  var physique: some View {
    VStack {
      helperView
      Textual content("in physique")
        .job {
          // We will name a @MainActor func with out await
          onMainActor()
        }
    }
  }

  var helperView: some View {
    Textual content("in helperView")
      .job {
        // ❗️ Error: Expression is 'async' however just isn't marked with 'await'
        onMainActor()
      }
  }
}

This habits is brought on by two (semi-)hidden annotations within the SwiftUI framework:

1. The View protocol annotates its physique property with @MainActor. This transfers to all conforming sorts.

2. View.job annotates its motion parameter with @_inheritActorContext, inflicting it to undertake the actor context from its use website.

Sadly, none of those annotations are seen within the SwiftUI documentation, making it very obscure what’s happening. The @MainActor annotation on View.physique is current in Xcode’s generated Swift interface for SwiftUI (Leap to Definition of View), however that characteristic doesn’t work reliably for me, and as we’ll see, it doesn’t present the entire fact, both.

To actually see the declarations the compiler sees, we have to have a look at SwiftUI’s module interface file. A module interface is sort of a header file for Swift modules. It lists the module’s public declarations and even the implementations of inlinable capabilities. Module interfaces use regular Swift syntax and have the .swiftinterface file extension.

SwiftUI’s module interface is situated at:

[Path to Xcode.app]/Contents/Developer/Platforms/iPhoneOS.platform/Developer/SDKs/iPhoneOS.sdk/System/Library/Frameworks/SwiftUI.framework/Modules/SwiftUI.swiftmodule/arm64e-apple-ios.swiftinterface

(There may be a number of .swiftinterface recordsdata in that listing, one per CPU structure. Decide any one in every of them. Professional tip for viewing the file in Xcode: Editor > Syntax Coloring > Swift permits syntax highlighting.)

Inside, you’ll discover that View.physique has the @MainActor(unsafe) attribute:

@out there(iOS 13.0, macOS 10.15, tvOS 13.0, watchOS 6.0, *)
@_typeEraser(AnyView) public protocol View {
  // …
  @SwiftUI.ViewBuilder @_Concurrency.MainActor(unsafe) var physique: Self.Physique { get }
}

And also you’ll discover this declaration for .job, together with the @_inheritActorContext attribute:

@out there(iOS 15.0, macOS 12.0, tvOS 15.0, watchOS 8.0, *)
extension SwiftUI.View {
  #if compiler(>=5.3) && $AsyncAwait && $Sendable && $InheritActorContext
    @inlinable public func job(
      precedence: _Concurrency.TaskPriority = .userInitiated,
      @_inheritActorContext _ motion: @escaping @Sendable () async -> Swift.Void
    ) -> some SwiftUI.View {
      modifier(_TaskModifier(precedence: precedence, motion: motion))
    }
  #endif
  // …
}

Armed with this information, the whole lot makes extra sense:

• When used inside physique, job inherits the @MainActor context from physique.
• When used exterior of physique, there isn’t any implicit @MainActor annotation, so job will run its operation on the cooperative thread pool by default.

• Until the view accommodates an @ObservedObject or @StateObject property, which makes the complete view @MainActor by way of this obscure rule for property wrappers whose wrappedValue property is certain to a world actor:

  A struct or class containing a wrapped occasion property with a world actor-qualified wrappedValue infers actor isolation from that property wrapper

  Replace Could 1, 2024: SE-0401: Take away Actor Isolation Inference brought on by Property Wrappers removes the above rule when compiling in Swift 6 language mode. It is a good change as a result of it makes reasoning about actor isolation easier. Within the Swift 5 language mode, you may choose into the higher habits with the -enable-upcoming-feature DisableOutwardActorInference compiler flags. I like to recommend you do.

The lesson: in the event you use helper properties or capabilities in your view, think about annotating them with @MainActor to get the identical semantics as physique.

By the way in which, notice that the actor context solely applies to code that’s positioned immediately contained in the async closure, in addition to to synchronous capabilities the closure calls. Async capabilities select their very own execution context, so any name to an async operate can swap to a special executor. For instance, in the event you name URLSession.information(from:) inside a main-actor-annotated operate, the runtime will hop to the worldwide cooperative executor to execute that methodology. See SE-0338: Make clear the Execution of Non-Actor-Remoted Async Capabilities for the exact guidelines.

I perceive Apple’s impetus to not present unofficial API or language options within the documentation lest builders get the preposterous thought to make use of these options in their very own code!

Nevertheless it makes understanding so a lot tougher. Earlier than I noticed the annotations within the .swiftinterface file, the habits of the code firstly of this text by no means made sense to me. Hiding the main points makes issues seem to be magic after they really aren’t. And that’s not good, both.