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c# – Unable to hook up with Distant Server utilizing Selenium Chrome RemoteWebDriver


public static IWebDriver UserMultiUserSignIn (IWebDriver driver, string port, string hostName, string password, string Username)
{
    string title = Dns.GetHostName();
    ChromeOptions Choices = new ChromeOptions();
    Choices.AddAdditionalCapability(Username, "USERNAME");
    Choices.AddAdditionalCapability(password, "ACCESS_KEY");
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri("http://"+hostName+":"+port+ "/wd/hub"), Choices.ToCapabilities());            

    return driver;
}


public static void RemoteServerLogin ()
{            
    string EMAUserName = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.Get("EMAUserName");
    string Password = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.Get("EMAPassword");
    string Port = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.Get("Port");
    string HostName = System.Configuration.ConfigurationManager.AppSettings.Get("Hostname");

    UserMultiUserSignIn(driver, Port, HostName, Password, EMAUserName);
}

Exception:

OpenQA.Selenium.WebDriverException: ‘Surprising error.
System.Internet.WebException: Unable to hook up with the distant server —>
System.Internet.Sockets.SocketException: No connection might be made
as a result of the goal machine actively refused it 127.0.0.1:9515 at
System.Internet.Sockets.Socket.DoConnect(EndPoint endPointSnapshot,
SocketAddress socketAddress) at
System.Internet.ServicePoint.ConnectSocketInternal(Boolean connectFailure,
Socket s4, Socket s6, Socket& socket, IPAddress& tackle,
ConnectSocketState state, IAsyncResult asyncResult, Exception&
exception) — Finish of internal exception stack hint — at
System.Internet.HttpWebRequest.GetRequestStream(TransportContext& context)
at System.Internet.HttpWebRequest.GetRequestStream() at
OpenQA.Selenium.Distant.HttpCommandExecutor.MakeHttpRequest(HttpRequestInfo
requestInfo) at
OpenQA.Selenium.Distant.HttpCommandExecutor.Execute(Command
commandToExecute) at
OpenQA.Selenium.Distant.RemoteWebDriver.Execute(String
driverCommandToExecute, Dictionary`2 parameters)’

Purchase or Lease IPv4 Addresses: What is the Finest Choice?


As the worldwide demand for web connectivity continues to soar, the shortage of IPv4 addresses and gradual IPv6 adoption imply that organizations face important choices concerning their IP tackle methods. As well as, cloud suppliers and web service suppliers (ISPs)cost companies per tackle, no matter whether or not each tackle is getting used. Consequently, many companies are reevaluating their IP tackle methods.

Purchase or lease?

To assist their organizations’ progress plans, community managers face a important determination: ought to they purchase or lease these priceless assets?

The shortage of IPv4 addresses, pushed by the protocol’s 32-bit tackle scheme that helps roughly 4.3 billion distinctive addresses, poses an ongoing problem. The speedy progress in linked gadgets has exhausted the obtainable pool of IPv4 addresses, making it needed for organizations to look to the secondary market. IPv6 is the long run, however, regardless of its vastly bigger tackle house, lack of backwards interoperability implies that the transition from IPv4 has been gradual, making certain its ongoing demand.

Rising companies that aren’t prepared or capable of migrate totally to IPv6 are confronted with two choices: purchase or lease IPv4 addresses. Presently, IPv4 tackle costs are at their lowest in three years, with small blocks obtainable at simply $33 per tackle, making outright buy a probably enticing choice. There are additionally a number of leasing choices obtainable. Prices have remained extra fixed right here – with addresses costing $0.35 – $0.45 per tackle per 30 days relying on amount and size of lease, amongst different elements.

Supplier Pricing

Many cloud suppliers and ISPs have launched costs for IPv4 addresses, no matter whether or not the tackle is being actively used. With the price of acquisition at the moment nicely under that stage, companies needing 100 or extra addresses may choose to purchase blocks outright. Nonetheless, with suppliers providing a free “deliver your personal IP” choice, leasing addresses for about $4.00 per yr would supply loads of flexibility whereas saving cash and with none giant upfront outlay.

When to Purchase

Buying IPv4 addresses could be seen as a long-term funding. As soon as acquired, these addresses turn into a everlasting asset for the group, offering stability and continuity in community planning. That is significantly advantageous for companies with secure or predictable progress patterns. Proudly owning IPv4 addresses grants full management over their use, permitting organizations to configure, assign, and handle them based on particular wants with out the constraints of lease agreements. This stage of management and suppleness is essential for organizations with complicated or evolving community necessities.

As well as, whereas costs are comparatively low proper now, it’s seemingly that the worth of IPv4 addresses will recognize over time on account of their restricted availability, opening the potential for a possible monetary return on funding. Shopping for additionally eliminates the danger of getting to switch the IPv4 addresses on the finish of the lease in the next market. Much more, it means avoiding the difficulty of renumbering—probably alienating and shedding—prospects.

Shopping for IPv4 addresses additionally eliminates the recurring prices related to leasing, which could be vital over the long run. For organizations with ongoing, predictable IP tackle wants, buying can lead to substantial value financial savings.

When to lease

However, leasing IPv4 addresses provides a number of advantages, significantly when it comes to value effectivity. Leasing requires a decrease preliminary monetary outlay in comparison with buying, making it a horny choice for startups, small companies, or organizations with restricted capital. It offers entry to the required IP assets with out the burden of serious upfront prices. Moreover, leasing provides better flexibility and scalability. Organizations can lease the precise variety of addresses they want for a particular interval, making it simpler to scale up or down based mostly on altering necessities. That is particularly helpful when the IP assets are wanted for tasks with short-term or fluctuating calls for.

When leasing IPv4 addresses, the lessor typically handles the upkeep and administration of the addresses, lowering the executive burden on the lessee. This association permits organizations to deal with their core enterprise actions whereas benefiting from the technical assist and experience supplied by the lessor.

Balancing execs and cons

To find out whether or not shopping for or leasing IPv4 addresses is the very best plan of action, organizations ought to contemplate their present and projected future tackle necessities, obtainable finances, and the significance of management over IP tackle administration. They need to additionally consider their anticipated timeline for IPv6 adoption to align their IP tackle technique with their general enterprise targets and operational necessities.

Each choices, shopping for or leasing, have their advantages and challenges, and the choice must be based mostly on an intensive analysis of a company’s particular necessities and the broader trade traits. By making knowledgeable selections right now, companies can guarantee their networks are well-prepared for the calls for of the long run, sustaining connectivity and competitiveness in an ever-evolving digital world.



Complete Information to Android 15 Safety and Privateness Enhancements


Cellular app builders should keep forward of the curve with the newest working system updates to ship a superb person expertise. Because the Android 15 launch updates close to the end line this summer time, Google is anticipated to launch Android 15 in mid-August to coincide with the Pixel 9 collection launch on the Made by Google occasion. Code named “Vanilla Ice Cream,” the forthcoming cellular working system affords a set of groundbreaking Android 15 security measures and privateness enhancements to find out about. These embrace Android 15 menace detection, improved fraud prevention measures, enhanced app permissions, app info dealing with and the revolutionary Android 15 Non-public Area function designed to safeguard delicate information. 

Learn this weblog to get the news on key Android 15 security measures and privateness enhancements to reap the benefits of in your cellular apps and their significance to cellular utility safety.


Some of the sought-after privateness options in Android 15 is Non-public Area.

Android 15 Delicate App Permissions

Some necessary adjustments coming revolve across the declaration of Android 15 delicate app permissions. Google Play Defend stay menace detection actively scans apps and can robotically flag any permissions that is likely to be deemed suspicious throughout the context of the applying — for instance, a calculator app declaring permissions to entry the person’s SMS storage —  and doubtlessly consequence within the app being flagged and subsequently faraway from the Google Play Retailer. Because of this now greater than ever, builders ought to solely embrace permissions which might be required by the Android app as a part of its app’s manifest with the intention to keep away from any points or delays in releases.

Android 15 Display Sharing Safety

Updates to Android’s display screen sharing and recording capabilities are additionally being made. Android 15 will grant cellular apps the power to detect at any time when a special app or service is recording it. That is accomplished by detecting if actions owned by the registering course of’s UID of the applying are being recorded by invoking the addScreenRecordingCallback callback operate, which requires the Manifest.permission.DETECT_SCREEN_RECORDING permission to be declared.

Complete Information to Android 15 Safety and Privateness Enhancements

Moreover, Android 15 introduces partial display screen sharing, which permits customers to share or report simply an app window somewhat than the complete gadget display screen by leveraging callbacks to the MediaProjection class.

Android 15 Intent Filtering Capabilities

The Android Intent filtering mechanism permits cellular apps to deal with particular varieties of intents, or messaging objects that can be utilized to request an motion from one other app part. Intent filters are declared within the app’s manifest file and specify the varieties of intents that the app can reply to.

New Android 15 Intent filtering capabilities will permit for extra exact Intent decision by leveraging the UriRelativeFilterGroup class, which features a collection of filtering objects that kind a set of Intent matching guidelines that should every be glad, together with URL question parameters, URL fragments, and blocking or exclusion guidelines which might be outlined within the Android Manifest through the use of the brand new tag.

Moreover, apps that focus on Android 15 will now have higher Intent filtering as a result of intents that focus on particular elements should precisely match the goal’s intent filter specs, that means that the goal Intent part must align with the receiving exercise’s declared intent-filters. Additionally, intents which might be used to start out actions or providers throughout the gadget should now have an motion that’s clearly related to them.

Google is updating Actions as soon as once more to be safer and forestall malicious background apps from bringing different apps to the foreground, elevating their privileges, and abusing person interplay. That is accomplished by leveraging the allowCrossUidActivitySwitchFromBelow attribute, which blocks apps that don’t match the highest UID on the stack from launching actions.

Please observe that these adjustments will apply to apps that meet all the next circumstances:

  • The app performing the launch targets Android 15
  • The app on prime of the duty stack targets Android 15
  • Any seen exercise has opted into the brand new protections

Final however not least, adjustments to PendingIntent creators are being made with the intention to block background exercise launches by default, which helps forestall apps from unintentionally making a PendingIntent that may very well be abused by an attacker. Moreover, apps received’t be delivered to the foreground except the PendingIntent sender explicitly permits it, which goals to forestall malicious apps from abusing the power to start out actions within the background. 

Android 15 may also have the ability to forestall launching arbitrary actions from different apps into the app’s personal job and higher management how the highest exercise of a job stack can end its job. These adjustments purpose to scale back alternatives for malicious apps to phish customers by creating actions that look like from different apps.

Android 15 Non-public Area

Some of the sought-after privateness options included on this launch of the cellular OS is the Android 15 Non-public Area. Briefly, it permits the person to create a separate house inside their gadget by which they will maintain delicate apps locked behind authentication. Cellular apps within the non-public house will present up in a separate container within the launcher, and will probably be hidden from the recents view, notifications, settings and from different apps when the non-public house is locked. 

Person-generated and downloaded content material (akin to media or information) and accounts are separated between the non-public house and the principle house. Customers can’t transfer present apps and their information into the non-public house. As a substitute, customers choose an set up choice within the non-public house to put in an app utilizing whichever app retailer they like. Apps within the non-public house are put in as separate copies from any apps in the principle house — that’s, new copies of the identical app.

Android 15 Chosen Photographs Entry

Android 14 launched the Chosen Photographs Entry function, which permits customers to grant apps entry to particular pictures and movies of their library somewhat than granting entry to all media of a given sort. Android 15 takes this function to the subsequent degree by permitting apps to solely spotlight essentially the most just lately chosen pictures and movies when partial entry to media permissions is granted by enabling the QUERY_ARG_LATEST_SELECTION_ONLY argument when querying the MediaStore class.

Android 15 Finish-to-Finish Encryption

The introduction of the E2eeContactKeysManager class facilitates Android 15 end-to-end encryption by offering an OS-level API for the storage of cryptographic public keys. It successfully integrates with the Contacts app throughout the platform in a centralized method to supply safer interactions between apps and providers that use SMS, calls, contacts and related elements as part of their performance.

NowSecure Options Safeguard Android 15 Apps

The brand new Android enhancements reveal that customers have rising expectations for cellular app safety and privateness. Cellular app builders can construct revolutionary cellular apps that delight customers whereas delivering a secure expertise with assist from NowSecure software program and providers. 

Integrating NowSecure Platform automated cellular utility safety testing immediately into the dev toolchain allows builders to rapidly discover and repair safety, privateness and compliance points previous to launch. NowSecure Academy coaching upskills builders in safe coding practices to allow them to keep away from these errors and increase effectivity. NowSecure Providers SDK pen testing helps devs guarantee they select safe elements when constructing apps and NowSecure ADA MASA validation lends third-party validation to assist Android apps stand aside in Google Play.



In Search of Exploration Video games


(This text is spoiler-free.)

Previously few years, I’ve fallen in love with exploration in video video games.

This mechanic is vital in video games like Outer Wilds or Subnautica. You’re dropped into the center of a world and are given free reign to go wherever, discovering many surprises alongside the best way.

I would like extra! Nevertheless, suggestions for exploration video games typically embrace entries I’ve performed but don’t think about to be in the identical style. Breath of the Wild, Elden Ring, Dying Stranding… all video games I really like, and whereas they offer you a lot freedom, they by no means gave me the identical sense of exploration as with Outer Wilds or Subnautica.

I’ve been ruminating on why I don’t get the identical sense of exploration from these video games, and I believe I’ve lastly figured it out: it’s not simply exploration that’s required, but additionally the sense of discovery that makes these video games magical.

Discovery

By “discovery”, I imply going out into the sport to seek out belongings you did not know have been there.

These may be narrative or mechanical in nature. You would possibly be taught extra in regards to the world, ahead the plot, or unravel a thriller. You would possibly determine the hidden guidelines of a puzzle, a trick to open locked doorways, or the path to stroll to keep away from an enemy noticing you.

What makes a recreation have excessive vs low discoverability? It’s all in regards to the participant’s information of what you’ll be able to uncover.

In a recreation with low discoverability, you usually know what you’re going to seek out in every single place you go. For instance, in Breath of the Wild, you knew that every space you entered would have enemies, crafting gadgets, and loot. Positive, you don’t know which enemies, gadgets, or loot you’d discover – however you hardly ever discovered one thing completely sudden.

In contrast, a recreation with excessive discoverability has a big “???” on its map. It’s the unknown unknowns; what you would possibly discover isn’t even one thing you might preconceive. What is going to occur whenever you land on a brand new planet in Outer Wilds? Who is aware of!

(As an apart, excessive discoverability may be fairly annoying if a recreation severely punishes you when you’re exploring. This facet is performed to comedic impact in I Wanna Be The Man however in video games like Don’t Starve it typically feels unfair to die hours right into a session due to one thing you couldn’t have anticipated.)

Now, discoverability alone just isn’t sufficient to make an exploration recreation. A linear recreation (like What Stays of Edith Finch or INSIDE) has narrative surprises round each nook, however you’re not exploring a lot as strolling a linear path right into a darkish, unknown forest.

That brings us to the second key factor to a great exploration recreation: branching.

Branching

Branching is the variety of selections the sport presents to a participant.

Sid Meier as soon as stated that “video games are a sequence of attention-grabbing choices.” Should you had no selections, it will stop to be a recreation – you’d simply be watching a video.

There’s a gigantic vary of what selections you give to gamers. Much like discovery, these may be narrative or mechanical in nature. Possibly you’ll be able to select which order you discuss to characters, which characters to avoid wasting from a monster, or what ending you get. Or you’ll be able to select which path a personality strikes, how they battle, and even the digital camera angle.

A superb exploration recreation requires some narrative or mechanical branching. If not, you then wouldn’t be exploring something!

For instance, in Breath of the Wild, you simply decide a path and begin strolling. The sport doesn’t maintain you again! Distinction that with a level-based recreation, like Tremendous Mario Bros, which (in addition to warp tunnels) provides you little alternative on how you can proceed in addition to strolling proper.

Exhausting, Scientific Information

As an train, right here’s my private (i.e. subjective) discovery/branching scores on video games which individuals have stated are “exploration” video games that I’ve performed to completion. The nearer the sport is to the upper-right quadrant, the extra discovery/branching it has.

Scatter plot of games, where the X-axis is "branching" and the Y-axis is "discovery." The upper-right quadrant are qualified as exploration games.

The higher proper quadrant is the candy spot I dub “exploration video games.”

Nothing about this chart is in regards to the high quality of the sport – for instance, Journey is considered one of my favourite video games of all time, however it hardly ranks excessive in any respect as an exploration recreation. Slightly, it’s nearly whether or not the design of the sport provides me the nice feeling of exploration.

Conclusion

Clearly, which video games provide you with that grand sense of journey by way of exploration is subjective. You and I’d fee a video games’ discovery and branching otherwise. However no less than now I’ve a framework from which to guage exploration video games.

Now, to get again to the purpose of this text – are you able to assist me discover extra exploration video games? Go away recommendations within the feedback beneath!

Take a look at-Driving HTML Templates


foo

Let’s examine the right way to do it in phases: we begin with the next take a look at that
tries to compile the template. In Go we use the usual html/template bundle.

Go

  func Test_wellFormedHtml(t *testing.T) {
    templ := template.Should(template.ParseFiles("index.tmpl"))
    _ = templ
  }

In Java, we use jmustache
as a result of it is quite simple to make use of; Freemarker or
Velocity are different widespread selections.

Java

  @Take a look at
  void indexIsSoundHtml() {
      var template = Mustache.compiler().compile(
              new InputStreamReader(
                      getClass().getResourceAsStream("/index.tmpl")));
  }

If we run this take a look at, it can fail, as a result of the index.tmpl file does
not exist. So we create it, with the above damaged HTML. Now the take a look at ought to cross.

Then we create a mannequin for the template to make use of. The appliance manages a todo-list, and
we are able to create a minimal mannequin for demonstration functions.

Go

  func Test_wellFormedHtml(t *testing.T) {
    templ := template.Should(template.ParseFiles("index.tmpl"))
    mannequin := todo.NewList()
    _ = templ
    _ = mannequin
  }

Java

  @Take a look at
  void indexIsSoundHtml() {
      var template = Mustache.compiler().compile(
              new InputStreamReader(
                      getClass().getResourceAsStream("/index.tmpl")));
      var mannequin = new TodoList();
  }

Now we render the template, saving the leads to a bytes buffer (Go) or as a String (Java).

Go

  func Test_wellFormedHtml(t *testing.T) {
    templ := template.Should(template.ParseFiles("index.tmpl"))
    mannequin := todo.NewList()
    var buf bytes.Buffer
    err := templ.Execute(&buf, mannequin)
    if err != nil {
      panic(err)
    }
  }

Java

  @Take a look at
  void indexIsSoundHtml() {
      var template = Mustache.compiler().compile(
              new InputStreamReader(
                      getClass().getResourceAsStream("/index.tmpl")));
      var mannequin = new TodoList();
  
      var html = template.execute(mannequin);
  }

At this level, we need to parse the HTML and we count on to see an
error, as a result of in our damaged HTML there’s a div aspect that
is closed by a p aspect. There may be an HTML parser within the Go
normal library, however it’s too lenient: if we run it on our damaged HTML, we do not get an
error. Fortunately, the Go normal library additionally has an XML parser that may be
configured to parse HTML (due to this Stack Overflow reply)

Go

  func Test_wellFormedHtml(t *testing.T) {
    templ := template.Should(template.ParseFiles("index.tmpl"))
    mannequin := todo.NewList()
    
    // render the template right into a buffer
    var buf bytes.Buffer
    err := templ.Execute(&buf, mannequin)
    if err != nil {
      panic(err)
    }
  
    // verify that the template will be parsed as (lenient) XML
    decoder := xml.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()))
    decoder.Strict = false
    decoder.AutoClose = xml.HTMLAutoClose
    decoder.Entity = xml.HTMLEntity
    for {
      _, err := decoder.Token()
      change err {
      case io.EOF:
        return // We're achieved, it is legitimate!
      case nil:
        // do nothing
      default:
        t.Fatalf("Error parsing html: %s", err)
      }
    }
  }

supply

This code configures the HTML parser to have the fitting stage of leniency
for HTML, after which parses the HTML token by token. Certainly, we see the error
message we wished:

--- FAIL: Test_wellFormedHtml (0.00s)
    index_template_test.go:61: Error parsing html: XML syntax error on line 4: surprising finish aspect 

In Java, a flexible library to make use of is jsoup:

Java

  @Take a look at
  void indexIsSoundHtml() {
      var template = Mustache.compiler().compile(
              new InputStreamReader(
                      getClass().getResourceAsStream("/index.tmpl")));
      var mannequin = new TodoList();
  
      var html = template.execute(mannequin);
  
      var parser = Parser.htmlParser().setTrackErrors(10);
      Jsoup.parse(html, "", parser);
      assertThat(parser.getErrors()).isEmpty();
  }

supply

And we see it fail:

java.lang.AssertionError: 
Anticipating empty however was:<[<1:13>: Unexpected EndTag token [] when in state [InBody],

Success! Now if we copy over the contents of the TodoMVC
template
to our index.tmpl file, the take a look at passes.

The take a look at, nonetheless, is just too verbose: we extract two helper capabilities, in
order to make the intention of the take a look at clearer, and we get

Go

  func Test_wellFormedHtml(t *testing.T) {
    mannequin := todo.NewList()
  
    buf := renderTemplate("index.tmpl", mannequin)
  
    assertWellFormedHtml(t, buf)
  }

supply

Java

  @Take a look at
  void indexIsSoundHtml() {
      var mannequin = new TodoList();
  
      var html = renderTemplate("/index.tmpl", mannequin);
  
      assertSoundHtml(html);
  }

supply

Stage 2: testing HTML construction

What else ought to we take a look at?

We all know that the seems of a web page can solely be examined, in the end, by a
human how it’s rendered in a browser. Nonetheless, there’s typically
logic in templates, and we would like to have the ability to take a look at that logic.

One may be tempted to check the rendered HTML with string equality,
however this method fails in observe, as a result of templates comprise loads of
particulars that make string equality assertions impractical. The assertions
change into very verbose, and when studying the assertion, it turns into troublesome
to grasp what it’s that we’re attempting to show.

What we want
is a way to claim that some elements of the rendered HTML
correspond to what we count on, and to ignore all the main points we do not
care about.
A technique to do that is by working queries with the CSS selector language:
it’s a highly effective language that permits us to pick out the
components that we care about from the entire HTML doc. As soon as we’ve
chosen these components, we (1) depend that the variety of aspect returned
is what we count on, and (2) that they comprise the textual content or different content material
that we count on.

The UI that we’re imagined to generate seems like this:

Take a look at-Driving HTML Templates

There are a number of particulars which are rendered dynamically:

  1. The variety of objects and their textual content content material change, clearly
  2. The model of the todo-item adjustments when it is accomplished (e.g., the
    second)
  3. The “2 objects left” textual content will change with the variety of non-completed
    objects
  4. One of many three buttons “All”, “Energetic”, “Accomplished” will likely be
    highlighted, relying on the present url; for example if we resolve that the
    url that reveals solely the “Energetic” objects is /lively, then when the present url
    is /lively, the “Energetic” button ought to be surrounded by a skinny crimson
    rectangle
  5. The “Clear accomplished” button ought to solely be seen if any merchandise is
    accomplished

Every of this issues will be examined with the assistance of CSS selectors.

This can be a snippet from the TodoMVC template (barely simplified). I
haven’t but added the dynamic bits, so what we see right here is static
content material, offered for example:

index.tmpl

  

supply