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Understanding Retrieval – Augmented Era (RAG): A Newbie’s Information


Introduction: The Evolution of Info Retrieval

Bear in mind again in 2021 when trying to find data on-line typically felt like a little bit of a chore? You’d open up a search engine, sort in your question, after which sift by way of a sea of hyperlinks, attempting to extract the nuggets of data you wanted. It was efficient, positive, however it typically felt like digging by way of a haystack to discover a needle, particularly whenever you had a difficult query or wanted one thing actually particular.

World’s Largest Battery Will Present 85 Megawatts to New England Grid

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The fast transition to renewable vitality is nice information for the setting, however electrical grids are struggling to include intermittent energy sources like wind and photo voltaic. Startup Kind Power is about to show a possible answer with the development of the world’s largest battery.

Whereas gas- and coal-powered crops can run night time and day, renewable energy is very reliant on the solar shining and the wind blowing. Discovering methods to take care of this inherent uncertainty will likely be essential if we ever wish to totally decarbonize our grids.

One of the crucial apparent options is to retailer further vitality when circumstances are favorable, so it may be fed again into the grid later when renewable manufacturing drops off. However constructing batteries able to storing grid-scale portions of electrical energy presents each engineering and financial challenges.

Thus far, most grid-storage amenities depend on lithium-ion batteries—the identical expertise present in cellphones and electrical automobiles. However these batteries are comparatively costly and never significantly long-lived. They’re additionally vulnerable to setting fireplace, which makes them lower than perfect for such initiatives.

Kind Power is betting that its novel iron-air chemistry, which is specifically designed for long-term vitality storage, could possibly be the reply. And it’s now set to obtain $147 million to construct a facility in Maine able to storing sufficient vitality to offer 85 megawatts of energy for as much as 100 hours.

“Positioned on the web site of a former paper mill in rural Maine, this iron-air battery system could have essentially the most vitality capability of any battery system introduced but on the planet,” Mateo Jaramillo, CEO and cofounder of Kind Power, stated in a press launch.

The challenge, which is because of be full by 2028, is a part of a broader package deal of funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Regulation to improve the facility grid within the Northeast of the US. A lot of the $389 million will likely be used to develop and improve the area’s means to simply accept energy from massive offshore wind farms. However the the rest will likely be given to Kind to construct a facility able to storing 8,500 megawatt-hours of vitality.

The important thing components of the corporate’s battery cells are iron and water, they usually depend on the identical course of that causes rust to cost and discharge. Power is saved within the battery by changing iron oxide into pure iron and emitting the oxygen into the environment. To launch that vitality, the battery absorbs oxygen from ambient air to show the iron again into iron oxide.

This method can’t get anyplace near the vitality density of lithium-ion batteries—an important consideration when packing batteries into small gadgets or attempting to spice up the vary of automobiles. However when constructing large-scale storage programs vitality density is way much less of a priority than value, a metric on which iron-air batteries win fingers down.

Kind says this may permit it to construct storage amenities that may act as substitutes for energy crops for prolonged intervals. In addition to serving to to stability the grid throughout on a regular basis operations, this might additionally assist present emergency energy throughout excessive climate or different grid outages.

Whereas the Maine challenge is essentially the most formidable that Kind has introduced so far, the corporate has already introduced different smaller pilot initiatives, and Jaramillo instructed Canary Media that it’s engaged on different grid-scale amenities of an analogous dimension which have but to be publicized.

Given the corporate remains to be constructing the manufacturing facility that may provide batteries to all these initiatives, it’s early days for the method. If all goes based on plan although, it may show to be an important instrument in efforts to decarbonize the grid.

Picture Credit score: Kind Power

PWA push notifications not engaged on iOS Safari (however engaged on android, internet, mac os safari)


I’ve NextJS PWA app and I configured it with VAPID and web-push (nodejs). The notification pops up on all different gadgets (android, internet, mac safari) however not on iphone with safari.

Additional particulars:

  • I’ve tried two completely different telephones: not working
  • iOS model: 17.4
  • sure, i’ve added the PWA to my house display

The bizarre factor is that I do get the push occasion. So the employee.js is working tremendous. However the issue is when displaying the popup e.g. self.registration.showNotification. I’ve tried loads of issues and have been caught with this.

Did anybody else expertise this?

======== Code particulars beneath

That is how my subsequent.config.js is configured:

const isDev = course of.env.NODE_ENV === 'improvement'

const withPWA = require('next-pwa')( {
    dest: "public",
    sw: "sw.js",
    register: true,
    skipWaiting: true,
    disable: isDev
  });

const nextConfig = {
  reactStrictMode: true,
};

module.exports = withPWA(nextConfig);

How I am setting the VAPID particulars:

webpush.setVapidDetails(
        "mailto:[email protected]",
        vapidKeys.publicKey,
        vapidKeys.privateKey
    );

That is what my employee.js appears like:

self.addEventListener("push", async (e) => {
    attempt {
        const { message, physique, icon } = JSON.parse(e.information.textual content());

         // Notify the primary thread to play sound
        const purchasers = await self.purchasers.matchAll();
        purchasers.forEach(shopper => {
            shopper.postMessage({
                kind: 'PLAY_SOUND'
            });
        });

        e.waitUntil(
            self.registration.showNotification(message)
        );

       
    } catch (error) {
        // Ship error log to the primary thread
        self.purchasers.matchAll().then(purchasers => {
            purchasers.forEach(shopper => {
                shopper.postMessage({
                    kind: 'ERROR',
                    message: `Error in push occasion: ${error.message}`
                });
            });
        });
    }
});

self.addEventListener("notificationclick", (occasion) => {
    occasion.preventDefault()
    occasion.notification.shut();

    occasion.waitUntil(
        self.purchasers.matchAll({
            kind: "window",
        }).then((clientList) => {
            for (const shopper of clientList) {
                if (shopper.url === "/" && "focus" in shopper)
                    return shopper.focus();
            }
            if (purchasers.openWindow) return purchasers.openWindow("/");
        })
    );
});

I’ve tried on two completely different iphone gadgets. I’ve tried on android (works), tried on mac os (works).

I’ve tried to debug the Safari context on iOS. I can see that sw.js is loaded correctly and the console logs work (it even triggers a customized occasion I used to debug)

However I feel the issue lies with showNotification which I am unable to determine why.

Google provides Android a pace increase after reminiscence administration improve

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Android is quickly about to get a pleasant little efficiency increase that ought to make it sooner and extra environment friendly than earlier than. Particularly, Google is engaged on making its OS help {hardware} with 16KB web page sizes.

Right this moment, the corporate revealed a brand new submit on its Android Developer Weblog saying that Android will quickly be page-size agnostic. By page-size agnostic, the agency means Android will help each 4KB and 16KB web page gadgets. The corporate is opening up the choice for builders to change between 4KB and 16KB on the Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Professional with Android 15 QPR1 Beta 1.

What precisely does this imply for the common consumer? Not a lot in the mean time, however when extra {hardware} begins supporting this, it can increase efficiency and effectivity. As Google explains, it ought to end in movies trying higher, video games performing higher, and apps working extra easily:

In most CPUs, devoted {hardware} known as reminiscence administration models (MMUs) translate addresses from what a program is utilizing to a bodily location in reminiscence. This translation is completed on a page-size foundation. Each time a program wants extra reminiscence, the working system must become involved and fill out a “web page desk” entry, assigning that piece of reminiscence to a course of. When the web page measurement is 4 instances bigger, there may be 4 instances much less bookkeeping. So, the system can spend extra time ensuring your movies look nice, video games play effectively, and functions run easily, and fewer time filling out low-level working system paperwork.

The motive of this announcement is mainly to say that they’re enabling help now so OEMs can begin getting on board. Google states that it noticed a 5-10% increase in total efficiency through the use of bigger web page sizes. Nevertheless, there’s a trade-off the place 9% extra bodily reminiscence is used. We’ll want to attend some time earlier than finish customers such as you and I get to see the advantages of this.

startup – Easy methods to make and use an USB keep on with GParted that may boot on a Mac?

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I’ll reply my very own query. Since I had lots of bother creating Dwell USBs on Ubuntu and Mac and needed to dig a bit deeper into the topic and also will listing the output of the profitable partition schemes.

  • Obtain .iso from right here underneath “secure releases”. If uncertain, selected the 32bit-Model.

  • Put a USB stick within the slot and look into Disk Utility for its gadget quantity (disk1, disk2, diskX, and so on). This may be discovered by clicking the icon “Data”.

  • Open up a shell

  • Unmount the stick in terminal (nowhere else) with sudo diskutil unmountDisk /dev/diskX

Be sure you do not dd to a incorrect disk, e.g. your working HDD!

  • Copy the downloaded file with sudo dd bs=1m if=file.iso of=/dev/rdiskX

We use the r for uncooked in of=/dev/rdiskX to make the copy quicker. It is best to not be utilizing the s1 extensions: these are partitions on the disk, not the disk itself.

The USB stick then appears like this with diskutil listing:

/dev/disk1
   #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
   0:     FDisk_partition_scheme                        *7.8 GB     disk1
   1:                       0xEF                         3.0 MB     disk1s2

sudo gdisk -l /dev/diskX will present this (aborting the query is feasible with ctrlC):

GPT fdisk (gdisk) model 1.0.1

Partition desk scan:
  MBR: MBR solely
  BSD: not current
  APM: not current
  GPT: current

Discovered legitimate MBR and GPT. Which do you need to use?
 1 - MBR
 2 - GPT
 3 - Create clean GPT
Your reply:

Lastly, sudo fdisk /dev/diskX will present

Disk: /dev/disk1    geometry: 942/255/63 [15138816 sectors]
Signature: 0xAA55
         Beginning       Ending
 #: id  cyl  hd sec -  cyl  hd sec [     start -       size]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
 1: 00    0   0   0 -    0   0   0 [         0 -          0] unused      
 2: EF 1023 254  63 - 1023 254  63 [    535612 -       5948] 
 3: 00    0   0   0 -    0   0   0 [         0 -          0] unused      
 4: 00    0   0   0 -    0   0   0 [         0 -          0] unused 

OS X will present a dialog to Initialise…, Ignore or Unmount the USB stick when it’s put into the slot. Clicking Ignore is protected. I put the German screenshot in, I believe it is fairly clear.

dialog upon inserting USB stick

When booting the Mac now press alt or possibility and there needs to be an choice to boot to that is named EFI boot. It will carry up GParted Dwell.

However beware, there are some Macs (e.g. Macbook Professional 17″ Early 2011 that aren’t ready in any respect as well something different from USB than OS X).