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protocol concept – Ought to all despatched segments be requeued after a TCP retransmission timeout expires?

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protocol concept – Ought to all despatched segments be requeued after a TCP retransmission timeout expires?


Based on RFC 793, TCP makes use of a retransmission timer per phase in its retransmission queue. Which means phase 2000 in your instance will solely be retransmit when its personal retransmission timer expires.

When ACK num 2000 is obtained, the CWND permits for 2000 excellent bytes. However at this level, there are 3000 bytes excellent, so nothing additional is shipped. TCP waits for the respective retransmission timers earlier than resending segments 2000, 3000 and 4000.

Nevertheless, in your instance situation, 4 segments are despatched directly, that means their respective retransmission timers will expire at (virtually precisely) the identical time. That will outcome within the retransmission of segments 2000 and 3000 instantly after retransmitting phase 1000.

To obviously reply the query, RFC 793’s TCP will not “wait for one more expiration of the retransmission timer” as a result of there isn’t any such factor as “the retransmission timer”. TCP will look forward to the expiration of any of the presently lively retransmission timers to retransmit the corresponding phase.

In actuality, TCP has advanced since 1981.

For instance, Quick Retransmit (RFC 2581/5681) is an exception to the above rule. After receiving three duplicate acks indicating the out-of-order reception of a phase, quick retransmit will kick in retransmitting a phase earlier than its retransmission timer expires.

TCP is byte-stream oriented, and the retransmission queue holding beforehand despatched segments is just one of some ways to implement retransmissions.

A TCP implementation would possibly as effectively do with out such a queue and generate a brand new phase ranging from the primary unacknowledged byte within the buffer. No specification requires this to be the precise copy of a beforehand despatched phase. It might have a special measurement or include {a partially} overlapping a part of the bytestream.

Introducing options like selective acknowledgments additional complicates issues.

NTT Unveils Breakthrough AI Inference Chip for Actual-Time 4K Video Processing on the Edge

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NTT Unveils Breakthrough AI Inference Chip for Actual-Time 4K Video Processing on the Edge


In a significant leap for edge AI processing, NTT Company has introduced a groundbreaking AI inference chip that may course of real-time 4K video at 30 frames per second—utilizing lower than 20 watts of energy. This new large-scale integration (LSI) chip is the primary on the planet to attain such high-performance AI video inferencing in power-constrained environments, making it a breakthrough for edge computing purposes.

Revealed throughout NTT’s Improve 2025 summit in San Francisco, the chip is designed particularly for deployment in edge gadgets—{hardware} positioned bodily near the supply of information, like drones, sensible cameras, and sensors. In contrast to conventional AI methods that depend on cloud computing for inferencing, this chip brings highly effective AI capabilities on to the sting, drastically decreasing latency and eliminating the necessity to transmit ultra-high-definition video to centralized cloud servers for evaluation.

Edge Computing vs. Cloud Computing: Why It Issues

In conventional cloud computing, knowledge from gadgets like drones or cameras is distributed to distant knowledge facilities—usually positioned lots of or hundreds of miles away—the place it is processed and analyzed. Whereas this strategy provides just about limitless compute energy, it introduces delays as a consequence of knowledge transmission, which is problematic for real-time purposes like autonomous navigation, safety monitoring, and reside decision-making.

In contrast, edge computing processes knowledge regionally, on or close to the system itself. This reduces latency, preserves bandwidth, and allows real-time insights even in environments with restricted or intermittent web connectivity. It additionally enhances privateness and knowledge safety by minimizing the necessity to transmit delicate knowledge over public networks.

NTT’s new AI chip totally embraces this edge-first philosophy—delivering real-time 4K video evaluation straight throughout the system, with out counting on the cloud.

A New Period for Actual-Time AI on Drones and Gadgets

With this chip put in, a drone can detect individuals or objects from as much as 150 meters (492 ft)—the authorized altitude restrict for drones in Japan. That’s a dramatic enchancment over conventional real-time AI methods, that are usually restricted to a 30-meter vary as a consequence of decrease decision or processing pace.

This development allows a bunch of latest use instances, together with:

  • Infrastructure inspections in hard-to-reach locations

  • Catastrophe response in areas with restricted connectivity

  • Agricultural monitoring throughout large fields

  • Safety and surveillance with out fixed cloud uplinks

All of that is achieved with a chip that consumes lower than 20 watts—dramatically decrease than the lots of of watts required by GPU-powered AI servers, that are impractical for cellular or battery-powered methods.

Contained in the Chip: NTT’s Proprietary AI Inference Engine

The LSI’s efficiency hinges on NTT’s custom-built AI inference engine, which ensures high-speed, correct outcomes whereas minimizing energy use. Key improvements embrace:

  • Interframe correlation: By evaluating sequential video frames, the chip reduces redundant calculations, enhancing effectivity.

  • Dynamic bit-precision management: This system adjusts the numerical precision required on the fly, utilizing fewer bits for easier duties, conserving vitality with out compromising accuracy.

  • Native YOLOv3 execution: The chip helps direct execution of You Solely Look As soon as v3, one of many quickest real-time object detection algorithms in machine studying.

These mixed options permit the chip to ship strong AI efficiency in environments beforehand thought-about too power- or bandwidth-limited for superior inferencing.

Path to Commercialization and the IOWN Imaginative and prescient

NTT plans to commercialize the chip inside fiscal yr 2025 by its working firm, NTT Revolutionary Gadgets Company.

Researchers are already exploring its integration into the Revolutionary Optical and Wi-fi Community (IOWN)—NTT’s next-generation infrastructure imaginative and prescient aimed toward overhauling the digital spine of recent society. Inside IOWN’s Knowledge-Centric Infrastructure (DCI), the chip would benefit from the All-Photonics Community for ultra-low latency, high-speed communication, complementing the native processing energy it brings to edge gadgets.

NTT can also be collaborating with NTT DATA, Inc. to mix the chip’s capabilities with its Attribute-Based mostly Encryption (ABE) expertise, which allows safe, fine-grained entry management over delicate knowledge. Collectively, these applied sciences will assist AI purposes that require each pace and safety—corresponding to in healthcare, sensible cities, and autonomous methods.

A Legacy of Innovation and a Imaginative and prescient for the Future

This AI inference chip is the most recent demonstration of NTT’s mission to empower a sustainable, clever society by deep technological innovation. As a worldwide chief with over $92 billion in income, 330,000 staff, and $3.6 billion in annual R&D, NTT serves greater than 75% of Fortune World 100 corporations and hundreds of thousands of shoppers throughout 190 nations.

Whether or not it’s drones flying past the visible line of sight, cameras detecting occasions in real-time with out cloud dependency, or securing knowledge flows with attribute-based encryption, NTT’s new chip units the stage for the following frontier in AI on the edge—the place intelligence meets immediacy.

7 Inexperienced Habits to Enhance Your Psychological and Bodily Well being

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7 Inexperienced Habits to Enhance Your Psychological and Bodily Well being


Photograph by Akram Hossain J on Unsplash

Most individuals assume that adopting inexperienced habits will add to their stress, however this couldn’t be farther from the reality. Shifting to a greener way of life can work wonders in your bodily and psychological wellbeing. You don’t should overhaul your complete life – simply begin with small modifications and you’ll discover the distinction inside weeks and even days!  Listed below are 7 inexperienced habits to enhance your psychological and bodily well being:

1. Transfer your Exercise Outside

Most of us spend far an excessive amount of time indoors – we work indoors, calm down indoors, and even train indoors.  Taking your exercises outdoor is an easy option to scale back your vitality consumption – whether or not that’s heating or cooling.  Working outdoor can be nice in your psychological well being because it will increase your degree of vitamin D – low ranges of this vitamin have been linked to elevated signs of despair and nervousness. Research present that over 40% of our inhabitants has a vitamin D deficiency, so when you spend most of your time indoors, you might be in all probability poor in vitamin D. You may also take a complement to extend your ranges. Examine the high vitamin D dietary supplements available in the market that well being consultants have reviewed to decide on one which fits your wants and your finances.

2. Search for Self-Manufacturing Choices

Self-production is an easy however efficient option to dwell extra sustainably. Every thing you purchase at a retailer required vitality not simply to create it, but in addition to bundle and ship it to its ultimate vacation spot. There are many choices for self-production, from do-it-yourself meals to jams and even pure skincare merchandise. Another choice is to develop your individual vegatables and fruits, as gardening is an efficient approach to enhance your bodily and psychological well being. Should you don’t have the time or area to create a fruit and vegetable backyard, you’ll be able to develop a few of your favourite herbs as an alternative. Researchers discovered that caring for indoor vegetation helps to scale back stress and decrease blood stress.

3. Embrace extra Fruits and Greens in your Food plan

Meat from industrial farms have a huge effect on the atmosphere – from the methane emissions from livestock to the big amount of crops and water which might be required for the animals.  Together with extra vegatables and fruits in your weight loss plan is not only good for the planet, it’s additionally higher in your well being. Fruits and greens present your physique with important vitamins, antioxidants and fiber that assist digestive well being, enhance immune perform and decrease your threat of way of life illnesses, together with diabetes and coronary heart illness. As soon as you might be used to the modifications in your weight loss plan, you’ll be able to search for related small way of life modifications you can make that may have a big effect on the atmosphere.

4. Swap Soda for Water

We don’t give a lot thought to the influence that our sodas and bottled drinks have on the atmosphere.  It begins from transporting the components to the manufacturing plant after which transporting these drinks to warehouses and from there, to your grocery store. What’s worse is the quantity of waste that’s created by these bottles and cans, as solely a small share of those get recycled. Swap out your soda for water, as this won’t solely be good for the planet but in addition have a optimistic influence in your well being.

5. Observe Eco-Pleasant Mindfulness

Eco-friendly mindfulness combines mindfulness and eco-friendly habits, which can assist to scale back consumerism and waste. Being aware of every thing you purchase in your residence will aid you accumulate fewer gadgets and provide you with extra free area, which helps to enhance your temper and general psychological well being.

6. Purchase Native Produce

Meals that’s grown domestically has a a lot smaller carbon footprint as a result of it makes use of much less packaging and doesn’t should journey lengthy distances to get to your desk! As an alternative of going to your native grocery store or worse, shopping for your groceries on-line, you can also make it a behavior to stroll or bike right down to your native market to select up your groceries. This is only one of many straightforward eco swaps you can make that will help you domesticate inexperienced habits.

7. Spend Properly

We dwell in a world the place we’re consistently informed that we have to purchase extra to really feel higher. This mindset is why we produce hundreds of thousands of tons of pointless rubbish every year, whether or not that’s spoiled meals, quick trend waste or trend-driven gadgets. Being aware together with your spending is a easy inexperienced behavior that may enhance your psychological well being since you gained’t should take care of the guilt and nervousness of discarding pointless purchases.

To reinforce water stewardship, tout the ‘restoration of nature and ecosystems’

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To reinforce water stewardship, tout the ‘restoration of nature and ecosystems’


Key takeaways

  • To achieve a wider viewers, corporations have to keep away from jargon-heavy water stewardship phrases.
  • Credible descriptions for water stewardship targets succeed when water is linked to local weather, nature and folks.
  • Compelling tales may also help stakeholders perceive why water points and applications matter to them.

If the phrases “water optimistic” and “nature optimistic” depart you confused, you’re not alone. To enhance water stewardship and communications across the subject, corporations have to keep away from technical or jargon-heavy phrases that aren’t partaking for many audiences.

In a latest survey of greater than 350 water and sustainability specialists, Trellis information accomplice GlobeScan, at the side of the World Wildlife Basis, discovered essentially the most significant and credible descriptions for water stewardship targets are:

  • “restoration of nature and ecosystems” (49%)
  • “science-based” (42%)
  • “safety of rivers, lakes, and wetlands” (40%)

In distinction, specialists take into account “water optimistic,” “nature optimistic,” and “replenish” to be the least significant and credible of the choices introduced.​ Equally, GlobeScan’s public opinion analysis exhibits individuals rank “defend rivers, lakes, and different water-based habitat/nature” a lot larger than “use much less water in operations and provide chains” when it comes to a very powerful water-related objectives for an environmentally-responsible firm.

The analysis factors to 3 causes for low ranges of consciousness and engagement associated to corporations’ water stewardship actions:

  • Most corporations don’t speak about water fairly often or by way of channels that attain many stakeholders
  • Water-related communications normally put a heavy emphasis on information and methodologies like “water optimistic” and “replenish” that aren’t very relatable or compelling for many stakeholders
  • Company communications on water focus an excessive amount of on the amount/effectivity of water whereas air pollution or ecosystem restoration is extra more likely to achieve traction with the general public

What this implies ​

Going ahead, corporations can enhance transparency and disclosure by speaking in methods which can be extra related, tangible and interesting by linking water to local weather, nature and folks. Organizations can spotlight the vital ways in which water hyperlinks, shapes and contributes to highly effective, nature-based options for local weather resilience, adaptation and mitigation. The general public strongly associates water with nature and conservation, and linking it to nature affords alternatives for restoration, progress and optimistic tales. Extra compelling company communications on water stewardship may also help stakeholders perceive why points and applications matter to them and the way each the corporate and shoppers stand to profit from company actions and investments. ​

Primarily based on a survey of 352 water and sustainability specialists throughout 63 nations and territories carried out in Nov.-Dec. 2024.

goal c – Customized navigation merchandise seems pure white beginning iOS 18

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goal c – Customized navigation merchandise seems pure white beginning iOS 18


The next problem happens with my setup beginning on iOS 18.

I’ve an UINavigationController to which I add my root view controller in my utility delegate class like this:

@implementation AppDelegate
{
  MyViewController* _myViewController;
}

- (BOOL)utility:(UIApplication*)utility didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:(NSDictionary*)launchOptions
{
  _myViewController                                = [[MyViewController alloc] init];
  UINavigationController* mainNavigationController = [[UINavigationController alloc] initWithRootViewController:_myViewController];

  self.window                    = [[UIWindow alloc] init];
  self.window.backgroundColor    = [UIColor whiteColor];
  self.window.rootViewController = mainNavigationController;
  [self.window makeKeyAndVisible];

  return TRUE;
}

My root view controller will get its view from a Xib file. On this Xib file I’ve outlined not solely it is view but additionally a navigation bar with a custom-made navigation merchandise. I created an interface builder outlet with this custom-made navigation merchandise and return it if the system asks for it. The setup seems to be like this:

enter image description here

Ranging from iOS 18 this method appears to fail. First, the navigation merchandise is nil if the system asks for it for the primary few occasions and solely after a sure time the reference from the interface builder outlet is non nil which finally returns my custom-made navigation merchandise as I anticipated.

Doing so leaves the navigation bar in pure white and it appears my navigation merchandise is just not taken under consideration. Provided that I disguise and present the navigation bar it appears to set off the system to really choose up the custom-made navigation merchandise. The modified code seems to be like this:

enter image description here

Throughout my analysis I have never discovered any trace, that my method can be invalid or something associated that on iOS 18 this could give points. Ultimately my purpose is to have UI associated stuff for one view controller in the identical xib file, that’s the reason I positioned the navigation bar with the custom-made navigation merchandise within the view controllers xib file within the first place.

What do I miss that my custom-made navigation merchandise seems pure white if I do not set off a disguise/present of the navigation bar?

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