Jumia is a know-how firm born in 2012, current in 14 African nations, with its foremost headquarters in Lagos, Nigeria. Jumia is constructed round a market, a logistics service, and a cost service. The logistics service permits the supply of packages by a community of native companions, and the cost service facilitates the funds of on-line transactions inside Jumia’s ecosystem. Jumia is current in NYSE and has a market cap of $554 million.
On this publish, we share a part of the journey that Jumia took with AWS Skilled Providers to modernize its information platform that ran beneath a Hadoop distribution to AWS serverless based mostly options. Among the challenges that motivated the modernization had been the excessive value of upkeep, lack of agility to scale computing at particular occasions, job queuing, lack of innovation when it got here to buying extra fashionable applied sciences, advanced automation of the infrastructure and functions, and the lack to develop regionally.
Resolution overview
The essential idea of the modernization venture is to create metadata-driven frameworks, that are reusable, scalable, and in a position to reply to the completely different phases of the modernization course of. These phases are: information orchestration, information migration, information ingestion, information processing, and information upkeep.
This standardization for every part was thought of as a strategy to streamline the event workflows and decrease the danger of errors that may come up from utilizing disparate strategies. This additionally enabled migration of various sorts of information following an identical strategy whatever the use case. By adopting this strategy, the info dealing with is constant, extra environment friendly, and extra simple to handle throughout completely different initiatives and groups. As well as, though the use instances have autonomy of their area from a governance perspective, on high of them is a centralized governance mannequin that defines the entry management within the shared architectural parts. Importantly, this implementation emphasizes information safety by imposing encryption throughout all companies, together with Amazon Easy Storage Service (Amazon S3) and Amazon DynamoDB. Moreover, it adheres to the precept of least privilege, thereby enhancing total system safety and decreasing potential vulnerabilities.
The next diagram describes the frameworks that had been created. On this design, the workloads within the new information platform are divided by use case. Every use case requires the creation of a set of YAML information for every part, from information migration to information circulation orchestration, and they’re principally the enter of the system. The output is a set of DAGs that run the precise duties.
Within the following sections, we focus on the targets, implementation, and learnings of every part in additional element.
Knowledge orchestration
The target of this part is to construct a metadata-driven framework to orchestrate the info flows alongside the entire modernization course of. The orchestration framework gives a sturdy and scalable answer that has the next capacities: dynamically create DAGs, combine natively with non-AWS companies, enable the creation of dependencies based mostly on previous executions, and add an accessible metadata technology per every execution. Subsequently, it was determined to make use of Amazon Managed Workflows for Apache Airflow (Amazon MWAA), which, by the Apache Airflow engine, gives these functionalities whereas abstracting customers from the administration operation.
The next is the outline of the metadata information which might be supplied as a part of the info orchestration part for a given use case that performs the info processing utilizing Spark on Amazon EMR Serverless:
proprietor: # Use case proprietor
dags: # Listing of DAGs to be created for this use case
- title: # Use case title
sort: # Sort of DAG (could possibly be migration, ingestion, transformation or upkeep)
tags: # Listing of TAGs
notification: # Defines notificacions for this DAGs
on_success_callback: true
on_failure_callback: true
spark: # Spark job info
entrypoint: # Spark script
arguments: # Arguments required by the Spark script
spark_submit_parameters: # Spark submit parameters.
The concept behind all of the frameworks is to construct reusable artifacts that allow the event groups to speed up their work whereas offering reliability. On this case, the framework gives the capabilities to create DAG objects inside Amazon MWAA based mostly on configuration information (YAML information).
This explicit framework is constructed on layers that add completely different functionalities to the ultimate DAG:
- DAGs – The DAGs are constructed based mostly on the metadata info supplied to the framework. The information engineers don’t have to put in writing Python code with a purpose to create the DAGs, they’re robotically created and this module is accountable for performing this dynamic creation of DAGs.
- Validations – This layer handles YAML file validation with a purpose to stop corrupted information from affecting the creation of different DAGs.
- Dependencies – This layer handles dependencies amongst completely different DAGs with a purpose to deal with advanced interconnections.
- Notifications – This layer handles the kind of notifications and alerts which might be a part of the workflows.
One facet to think about when utilizing Amazon MWAA is that, being a managed service, it requires some upkeep from the customers, and it’s vital to have an excellent understanding of the variety of DAGs and processes that you simply’re anticipated to have with a purpose to fine-tune the occasion and procure the specified efficiency. Among the parameters that had been fine-tuned throughout the engagement had been core.dagbag_import_timeout, core.dag_file_processor_timeout, core.min_serialized_dag_update_interval, core.min_serialized_dag_fetch_interval, scheduler.min_file_process_interval, scheduler.max_dagruns_to_create_per_loop, scheduler.processor_poll_interval, scheduler.dag_dir_list_interval, and celery.worker_autoscale.
One of many layers described within the previous diagram corresponds to validation. This was an vital element for the creation of dynamic DAGs. As a result of the enter to the framework consists of YML information, it was determined to filter out corrupted information earlier than making an attempt to create the DAG objects. Following this strategy, Jumia may keep away from undesired interruptions of the entire course of. The module that really builds DAGs solely receives configuration information that observe the required specs to efficiently create them. In case of corrupted information, info relating to the precise points is logged into Amazon CloudWatch in order that builders can repair them.
Knowledge migration
The target of this part is to construct a metadata-driven framework for migrating information from HDFS to Amazon S3 with Apache Iceberg storage format, which entails the least operational overhead, gives scalability capability throughout peak hours, and ensures information integrity and confidentiality.
The next diagram illustrates the structure.
Throughout this part, a metadata-driven framework inbuilt PySpark receives a configuration file as enter in order that some migration duties can run in an Amazon EMR Serverless job. This job makes use of the PySpark framework because the script location. Then the orchestration framework described beforehand is used to create a migration DAG that runs the next duties:
- The primary process creates the DDLs in Iceberg format within the AWS Glue Knowledge Catalog utilizing the migration framework inside an Amazon EMR Serverless job.
- After the tables are created, the second process transfers HDFS information to a touchdown bucket in Amazon S3 utilizing AWS DataSync to sync buyer information. This course of brings information from all of the completely different layers of the info lake.
- When this course of is full, a 3rd process converts information to Iceberg format from the touchdown bucket to the vacation spot bucket (uncooked, course of, or analytics) utilizing once more an alternative choice of the migration framework embedded in an Amazon EMR Serverless job.
Knowledge switch efficiency is healthier when the scale of the information to be transferred is round 128–256 MB, so it’s really useful to compress the information on the supply. By decreasing the variety of information, metadata evaluation and integrity phases are diminished, dashing up the migration part.
Knowledge ingestion
The target of this part is to implement one other framework based mostly on metadata that responds to the 2 information ingestion fashions. A batch mode is liable for extracting information from completely different information sources (corresponding to Oracle or PostgreSQL) and a micro-batch-based mode extracts information from a Kafka cluster that, based mostly on configuration parameters, has the capability to run native streams in streaming.
The next diagram illustrates the structure for the batch and micro-batch and streaming strategy.
Throughout this part, a metadata-driven framework builds the logic to convey information from Kafka, databases, or exterior companies, that shall be run utilizing an ingestion DAG deployed in Amazon MWAA.
Spark Structured Streaming was used to ingest information from Kafka matters. The framework receives configuration information in YAML format that point out which matters to learn, what extraction processes ought to be carried out, whether or not it ought to be learn in streaming or micro-batch, and through which vacation spot desk the knowledge ought to be saved, amongst different configurations.
For batch ingestion, a metadata-driven framework written in Pyspark was carried out. In the identical approach because the earlier one, the framework acquired a configuration in YAML format with the tables to be migrated and their vacation spot.
One of many facets to think about in the sort of migration is the synchronization of information from the ingestion part and the migration part, in order that there is no such thing as a lack of information and that information shouldn’t be reprocessed unnecessarily. To this finish, an answer has been carried out that saves the timestamps of the final historic information (per desk) migrated in a DynamoDB desk. Each sorts of frameworks are programmed to make use of this information the primary time they’re run. For micro-batching use instances, which use Spark Structured Streaming, Kafka information is learn by assigning the worth saved in DynamoDB to the startingTimeStamp parameter. For all different executions, precedence shall be given to the metadata within the checkpoint folder. This fashion, you may make certain ingestion is synchronized with the info migration.
Knowledge processing
The target on this part was to have the ability to deal with updates and deletions of information in an object-oriented file system, so Iceberg is a key answer that was adopted all through the venture as delta lake information due to its ACID capabilities. Though all phases use Iceberg as delta information, the processing part makes in depth use of Iceberg’s capabilities to do incremental processing of information, creating the processing layer utilizing UPSERT utilizing Iceberg’s capability to run MERGE INTO instructions.
The next diagram illustrates the structure.
The structure is much like the ingestion part, with simply adjustments to the info supply to be Amazon S3. This strategy accelerates the supply part and maintains high quality with a production-ready answer.
By default, Amazon EMR Serverless has the spark.dynamicAllocation.enabled parameter set to True. This feature scales up or down the variety of executors registered throughout the software, based mostly on the workload. This brings lots of benefits when coping with several types of workloads, however it additionally brings issues when utilizing Iceberg tables. As an example, whereas writing information into an Iceberg desk, the Amazon EMR Serverless software can use numerous executors with a purpose to velocity up the duty. This can lead to reaching Amazon S3 limits, particularly the variety of requests per second per prefix. For that reason, it’s vital to use good information partitioning practices.
One other vital facet to think about in these instances is the thing storage file format. By default, Iceberg makes use of the Hive storage format, however it may be set to make use of ObjectStoreLocationProvider. By setting this property, a deterministic hash is generated for every file, with a hash appended instantly after write.information.path. This may significantly decrease throttle requests based mostly on object prefix, in addition to maximize throughput for Amazon S3 associated I/O operations, as a result of the information written are equally distributed throughout a number of prefixes.
Knowledge upkeep
When working with information lake desk codecs corresponding to Iceberg, it’s important to have interaction in routine upkeep duties to optimize desk metadata file administration, stopping numerous pointless information from accumulating and promptly eradicating any unused information. The target of this part was to construct one other framework that may carry out these kinds of duties on the tables throughout the information lake.
The next diagram illustrates the structure.
The framework, in addition to the opposite ones, receives a configuration file (YAML information) indicating the tables and the listing of upkeep duties with their respective parameters. It was constructed on PySpark in order that it may run as an Amazon EMR Serverless job and could possibly be orchestrated utilizing the orchestration framework identical to the opposite frameworks constructed as a part of this answer.
The next upkeep duties are supported by the framework:
- Expire snapshots – Snapshots can be utilized for rollback operations in addition to time touring queries. Nonetheless, they’ll accumulate over time and might result in efficiency degradation. It’s extremely really useful to recurrently expire snapshots which might be not wanted.
- Take away outdated metadata information – Metadata information can accumulate over time identical to snapshots. Eradicating them recurrently can also be really useful, particularly when coping with streaming or micro-batching operations, which was one of many instances of the general answer.
- Compact information – Because the variety of information information will increase, the variety of metadata saved within the manifest information additionally will increase, and small information information can result in much less environment friendly queries. As a result of this answer makes use of a streaming and micro-batching software writing into Iceberg tables, the scale of the information tends to be small. For that reason, a technique to compact information was crucial to boost the general efficiency.
- Laborious delete information – One of many necessities was to have the ability to carry out exhausting deletes within the information older than a sure time frame. This suggests eradicating expiring snapshots and eradicating metadata information.
The upkeep duties had been scheduled with completely different frequencies relying on the use case and the precise process. For that reason, the schedule info for this duties is outlined in every of the YAML information of the precise use case.
On the time this framework was carried out, there was no any computerized upkeep answer on high of Iceberg tables. At AWS re:Invent 2024, Amazon S3 Tables performance has been launched to automatize the upkeep of Iceberg Tables . This performance automates file compaction, snapshot administration, and unreferenced file elimination.
Conclusion
Constructing a knowledge platform on high of standarized frameworks that use metadata for various facets of the info dealing with course of, from information migration and ingestion to orchestration, enhances the visibility and management over every of the phases and considerably accelerates implementation and growth processes. Moreover, through the use of companies corresponding to Amazon EMR Serverless and DynamoDB, you may convey all the advantages of serverless architectures, together with scalability, simplicity, versatile integration, improved reliability, and cost-efficiency.
With this structure, Jumia was in a position to scale back their information lake value by 50%. Moreover, with this strategy, information and DevOps groups had been in a position to deploy full infrastructures and information processing capabilities by creating metadata information together with Spark SQL information. This strategy has diminished turnaround time to manufacturing and diminished failure charges. Moreover, AWS Lake Formation supplied the capabilities to collaborate and govern datasets on varied storage layers on the AWS platform and externally.
Leveraging AWS for our information platform has not solely optimized and diminished our infrastructure prices but in addition standardized our workflows and methods of working throughout information groups and established a extra reliable single supply of reality for our information belongings. This transformation has boosted our effectivity and agility, enabling quicker insights and enhancing the general worth of our information platform.
– Hélder Russa, Head of Knowledge Engineering at Jumia Group.
Take step one in the direction of streamlining the info migration course of now, with AWS.
Concerning the Authors
Ramón Díez is a Senior Buyer Supply Architect at Amazon Net Providers. He led the venture with the agency conviction of utilizing know-how in service of the enterprise.
Paula Marenco is a Knowledge Architect at Amazon Net Providers, she enjoys designing analytical options that convey gentle into complexity, turning intricate information processes into clear and actionable insights. Her work focuses on making information extra accessible and impactful for decision-making.
Hélder Russa is the Head of Knowledge Engineering at Jumia Group, contributing to the technique definition, design, and implementation of a number of Jumia information platforms that help the general decision-making course of, in addition to operational options, information science initiatives, and real-time analytics.
Pedro Gonçalves is a Principal Knowledge Engineer at Jumia Group, liable for designing and overseeing the info structure, emphasizing on AWS Platform and datalakehouse applied sciences to make sure strong and agile information options and analytics capabilities.